Dec

Humans are sinking coastal wetlands

A meandering creek dissects a salt marsh in the Plum Island Estuary in Massachusetts. Some of these marshes formed after European settlement due to sedimentation associated with deforestation. (Photo by Matt Kirwan, Virginia Institute of Marine Science)

Left to themselves, coastal wetlands can adapt to sea-level rise. But humans could be sabotaging some of their best defenses, according to a review paper from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science published Thursday, Dec. 5 in Nature.

The threat of disappearing coastlines has alerted many to the dangers of climate change. Wetlands in particular—with their ability to buffer coastal cities from floods and storms, and filter out pollution—offer protections that could be lost in the future. But, say co-authors Matt Kirwan and Patrick Megonigal, higher waters are not the key factor in wetland demise. Thanks to an intricate system of ecosystem feedbacks, wetlands are remarkably good at building up soil to outpace sea-level rise. But this ability has limits. The real issue, the scientists say, is that human structures such as dams and seawalls are disrupting the natural mechanisms that have allowed coastal marshes to survive rising seas since at least the end of the last ice age.

“Tidal marsh plants are amazing ecosystem engineers that can raise themselves upward if they remain healthy, and especially if there is sediment in the water,” said Megonigal of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. “We know there are limits to this and worry those limits are changing as people change the environment.”

“In a more natural world, we wouldn’t be worried about marshes surviving the rates of sea level rise we’re seeing today,” said Kirwan, the study’s lead author and a geologist at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. “They would either build vertically at faster rates or else move inland to slightly higher elevations. But now we have to decide whether we’ll let them.”

Pat Megonigal studies sea-level rise at SERC’s experimental wetland in Maryland. In the mid-Atlantic, sea level is rising at a rate of roughly 3 millimeters per year. So far, this marsh is building soil quickly enough to keep pace. (SERC photo)

Wetlands have developed several ways to build elevation to keep from drowning. Above ground, tidal flooding provides one of the biggest assists. When marshes flood during high tide, mineral sediment settles out of the water, adding new soil to the ground. It is one of the ecosystem’s most successful responses to the threat of sea-level rise. When sea-level rise accelerates and flooding occurs more often, marshes can react by building soil faster. Below ground, the growth and decay of plant roots adds organic matter—an effect that rising carbon dioxide levels seem to enhance. Even erosion can work to preserve wetlands, as sediment lost at one marsh can be deposited at another. While a particular wetland may lose ground, the total wetland area may remain unchanged.

But everything has a threshold. If a wetland becomes so flooded that vegetation dies off, the positive feedback loops are lost. Similarly, if sediment delivery to a wetland is cut off, that wetland can no longer build soil to outpace rising seas.

The impact of direct human behavior, not rising seas or higher CO₂, has the most power to alter those thresholds, the scientists report. Groundwater withdrawal and artificial drainage can cause the land to sink, as is happening now in the Chesapeake Bay.

According to the article, because of this kind of subsidence, eight of the world’s largest coastal cities are experiencing relative sea-level rise greater than climate change projections. Dams and reservoirs also prevent 20 percent of the global sediment load from reaching the coast. Marshes on the Yangtze River Delta in China survived relative sea-level rise of more than 50 millimeters per year since the seventh century, until the building of more than 50,000 dams since 1950 cut off their supply of sediment and sped up erosion.

In addition to building vertically, marshes can also respond to sea-level rise by migrating landward. But, the authors note, human activities have hindered this response as well. Conventional ways of protecting coastal property, such as dykes and seawalls, keep wetlands from moving inland and create a “shoreline squeeze,” Kirwan noted. Because rates of marsh-edge erosion increase with rates of sea-level rise, the authors warn that the impacts of coastal barriers will accelerate with climate change.